Cartagena de Indias (UNESCO 1984)
Colonial Caribbean jewel, founded 1533 by Pedro de Heredia, UNESCO-listed 1984. Walled City (Ciudad Amurallada): 11 km of walls built 16th-18th centuries to protect from English and French pirates — Francis Drake sacked it 1586. Districts: San Diego (quiet, bougainvilleas), Centro (1612 cathedral, Plaza Bolívar), Getsemaní (bohemian, street art, lively Plaza Trinidad evenings). Castillo San Felipe de Barajas (1657, largest Spanish fortress in the Americas). Rosario Islands (1h by boat, turquoise beaches). Climate 28-32°C year-round, humid.
Cartagena was for 280 years the MAIN SLAVE PORT of Spanish South America: between 1580 and 1640, ~150,000 African slaves (Yoruba, Bantu, Congo) were landed here to be resold across the Spanish empire. Local hero Pedro Claver (Spanish Jesuit canonised 1888) baptised and cared for ~300,000 slaves in the church that bears his name today. Cartagena's walls (11 km, built over 200 years) were the most expensive in Spanish America: at one point, King Philip IV allegedly asked « are these walls made of gold? » so astronomical was the cost. San Felipe fortress resisted ALL sieges, including the English fleet of Admiral Vernon in 1741 (186 ships, 27,000 men — defended by only 3,000 Spaniards under Blas de Lezo, one-armed, one-eyed, one-legged).
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